실리콘밸리 테크 단어
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The process of using a trained machine learning model to make predictions on new, unseen data.

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A phenomenon where an AI model generates plausible-sounding but factually incorrect or nonsensical output.

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The practice of designing and optimizing input prompts to guide LLMs to produce more accurate and relevant outputs.

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A technique combining retrieval of external knowledge with text generation, allowing LLMs to access up-to-date information.

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When a model learns the training data too well, including noise and outliers, causing poor performance on new data.

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The process of breaking down text into smaller units (tokens) that can be processed by a language model.

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The time delay between submitting a request to an AI model and receiving its response.

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The maximum amount of text (tokens) a language model can process in a single interaction.

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A parameter controlling randomness in LLM output — higher values = more creative.

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Prompting technique guiding LLMs to reason step-by-step before answering.

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A consensus mechanism where miners compete to solve complex mathematical puzzles to validate transactions and add new blocks.

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Self-executing contracts with terms directly written into code, automatically enforcing and executing agreements without intermediaries.

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A schedule that releases tokens to team members or investors over time to align long-term incentives and prevent immediate selling.

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An offline cryptocurrency storage method, not connected to the internet, providing enhanced security against remote hacks.

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A fee paid to compensate network validators for the computing energy required to process and validate transactions on Ethereum.

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A unique digital asset verified using blockchain technology, where each token is one-of-a-kind and cannot be replicated.

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A protocol that ensures all nodes in a blockchain network agree on the same version of the distributed ledger.

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A change to a blockchain's protocol, either soft (backward-compatible) or hard (non-backward-compatible), creating protocol divergence.

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A technical document released by a blockchain project explaining its technology, use case, tokenomics, and development roadmap.

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A protocol enabling assets or data to be transferred between two separate blockchain networks.

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A series of 12-24 randomly generated words that act as the master key to recover a cryptocurrency wallet.

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A decentralized exchange protocol using mathematical formulas to price assets instead of traditional buy/sell order books.

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A strategy of moving crypto assets between protocols to maximize returns through transaction fees, interest, and governance tokens.

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The process of locking cryptocurrency in a protocol to support network operations, earning rewards in return.

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The total capital deposited into a DeFi protocol, used as a key metric to measure a protocol's adoption and health.

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A temporary loss experienced by liquidity providers when the price ratio of deposited assets changes compared to when they were deposited.

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A cryptocurrency that grants holders voting rights on protocol decisions, upgrades, and treasury management.

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A collection of funds locked in a smart contract used to facilitate decentralized trading and lending without traditional order books.

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Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment — automated workflows for building, testing, and deploying software changes rapidly.

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Automated management of containerized applications across multiple hosts, handling deployment, scaling, and networking.

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Managing and provisioning computing infrastructure using machine-readable configuration files rather than manual processes.

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A deployment strategy maintaining two identical environments, switching traffic between them to enable zero-downtime releases.

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Gradually rolling out new software to a small subset of users before deploying to the entire user base.

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The ability to measure a system's current state based on the data it generates — logs, metrics, and traces.

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A formal commitment between a service provider and client defining the expected performance and uptime standards.

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The process of reverting an application or system to a previously stable version after a failed deployment or update.

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An architectural pattern where applications are built as small, independent services that communicate via APIs.

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A system's ability to handle increased workload by adding resources without compromising performance or reliability.

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A design pattern where services communicate through events, enabling loose coupling and asynchronous processing.

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A server that acts as an entry point for clients, routing requests to appropriate microservices and handling cross-cutting concerns.

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A form of asynchronous service-to-service communication used to decouple applications and handle traffic spikes.

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An application where all components are interconnected and deployed as a single unit, contrasted with microservices.

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Command Query Responsibility Segregation — a pattern separating read and write operations into different models for performance optimization.

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The implied cost of future rework caused by choosing a quick solution now instead of a better, more maintainable approach.

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A systematic examination of source code intended to find and fix mistakes, improve quality, and share knowledge.

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Restructuring existing code without changing its external behavior to improve readability and reduce complexity.

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An agile technique where two developers work together at one workstation — one writes code while the other reviews in real-time.

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A time-boxed iteration (typically 1-4 weeks) in Scrum where a team completes a set amount of work.

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A method of debugging by explaining code line-by-line to an inanimate object, which forces articulation of assumptions.

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Five design principles for object-oriented programming that make software designs more understandable, flexible, and maintainable.

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A design pattern where an object receives its dependencies from external sources rather than creating them internally.

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The amount of time a startup can continue operating at its current burn rate before running out of funding.

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A fundamental shift in a startup's business model, product, or strategy in response to market feedback.

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The degree to which a product satisfies strong market demand — the point where a business can efficiently scale growth.

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Comprehensive appraisal of a business conducted by investors prior to completing a transaction or investment.

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The rate at which a company spends its cash reserves before generating sufficient revenue to cover costs.

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The percentage of customers who stop using a product or service over a given time period.

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The yearly value of recurring revenue from subscriptions, used to measure SaaS growth.

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Total cost to acquire one new customer, including marketing and sales expenses.

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Predicted total revenue a business can expect from a single customer account.

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A concise, compelling summary of a business idea delivered in the time span of an elevator ride.

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The single most important metric that best captures the core value a product delivers to customers.

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Getting agreement and support from key decision-makers for a technical or strategic decision.

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A service that authorizes and processes online payment transactions between merchants and customers securely.

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A verification process financial institutions use to confirm the identity of their clients to prevent fraud and money laundering.

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Regulations and procedures designed to prevent criminals from disguising illegally obtained funds as legitimate income.

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A banking practice that provides third-party financial service providers access to consumer banking transactions and data through APIs.

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A short-term financing model allowing consumers to purchase goods and pay for them in installments over time.

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A reversal of a credit card transaction initiated by the cardholder's bank when a dispute is filed over a purchase.

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Replacing sensitive card data with a unique digital token to reduce fraud risk during payment processing.

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The EU directive requiring banks to open their payment infrastructure and customer data to third-party providers via secure APIs.

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Spreading investments across various assets to reduce overall portfolio risk.

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Excess return of an investment relative to the return of a benchmark index.

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An investment strategy to offset potential losses in another investment using derivatives or other financial instruments.

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A graph showing interest rates across different maturity periods for similar debt instruments.

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The process of transferring design files and specifications from designers to developers for implementation.

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The arrangement and presentation of design elements to show their order of importance.

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A structured session where a design team reviews work and provides constructive feedback.

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A static visual representation of a product or interface used for presentation and feedback.

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A reusable pre-defined prompt structure that users can fill in to interact with an AI model.

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A UI element showing how many tokens remain in the model's context window during a conversation.

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A design pattern that visually alerts users when AI-generated content may be unreliable or inaccurate.

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A UI control allowing users to adjust the randomness/creativity of AI-generated responses.

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A low-fidelity visual guide representing the skeletal framework of a website or application.

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A simple description of a software feature from the perspective of the end user, used in Agile planning.

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A specific performance threshold on the ACTFL or ILR scale used to measure speaking proficiency, ranging from Novice to Superior.

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The ability of a speaker to recognize and fix their own mistakes in real time during spontaneous speech — a sign of higher proficiency.

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A communication strategy where the speaker describes or paraphrases a word they do not know instead of stopping the conversation.

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Verb forms used when recounting past events, such as simple past, past continuous, and past perfect, essential for storytelling in OPI.

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Language used to discuss imaginary or conditional situations, often involving second and third conditional structures.

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An interview question that asks the candidate to perform a specific communicative task, such as giving instructions or making a recommendation.

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The speed at which a person speaks, measured in words per minute; higher proficiency correlates with a natural, steady pace.

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The ability to expand on an answer by adding details, examples, and explanations beyond a minimal response.

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Techniques used to resolve communication breakdowns, such as asking for clarification or rephrasing a statement.

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Words or phrases like 'however,' 'on the other hand,' and 'moreover' that organize and connect ideas in extended speech.

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Higher-level communicative functions such as comparing, persuading, and hypothesizing, assessed at advanced OPI levels.

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A persistent language mistake that a learner makes habitually and no longer notices, often difficult to correct.

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The range and complexity of questions a speaker can ask, from simple yes/no to open-ended and hypothetical inquiries.

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The degree to which different OPI examiners assign consistent proficiency ratings to the same speech sample.

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A recorded segment of spoken language submitted or evaluated during an OPI to determine proficiency level.

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A mathematical notation describing the limiting behavior of a function, used to classify algorithms by efficiency and scalability.

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A programming technique where a function calls itself to solve a problem by breaking it into smaller, identical subproblems.

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A data structure that maps keys to values using a hash function, enabling average O(1) time complexity for insertions and lookups.

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A type of resource leak that occurs when a computer program incorrectly manages memory allocations, causing unreclaimable memory.

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A state in concurrent computing where two or more processes are blocked forever, each waiting for a resource held by another.

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A memory management technique that gives an application the impression of having contiguous working memory while physically it may be fragmented.

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The conceptual model and set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar computer networks.

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A synchronization variable used to control access to a common resource by multiple threads in a concurrent system.

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A function bundled together with references to its surrounding state (lexical environment), allowing access to outer scope variables.

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The process of visiting each node in a graph data structure, commonly using BFS (breadth-first) or DFS (depth-first) algorithms.

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An OOP concept allowing objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass through shared interfaces.

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A behavior in concurrent systems where the outcome depends on the relative timing of events, leading to unpredictable results.

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Automatic memory management that identifies and disposes of objects that are no longer reachable or needed by a program.

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A space-efficient probabilistic data structure used to test whether an element is a member of a set, allowing a small false positive rate.

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The problem of getting multiple nodes in a distributed system to agree on a single value or state, solved by protocols like Raft or Paxos.

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The longer writing section of the IELTS Academic/General test requiring a 250+ word argumentative or discussion essay.

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A reading question type testing whether a statement matches the passage (T/F) or is absent from it (NG), a notorious IELTS challenge.

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One of the four IELTS writing/speaking criteria measuring vocabulary range, accuracy, and appropriateness of word choice.

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An IELTS scoring criterion evaluating how logically ideas are organized and how smoothly sentences and paragraphs connect.

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The essential IELTS skill of rewording a sentence while preserving its original meaning, heavily tested in all four sections.

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The scoring scale from 0 to 9 used to report IELTS results, where each whole and half band represents a distinct proficiency level.

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A prompt card given in IELTS Speaking Part 2 with a topic and bullet points, requiring a 1-2 minute uninterrupted monologue.

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High-frequency formal words like 'analyze,' 'significant,' and 'establish' that are preferred over informal equivalents in IELTS writing.

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A reading strategy of quickly glancing through a text to grasp the main idea without reading every word, essential for IELTS timing.

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A reading strategy of rapidly searching a text for specific information such as dates, names, or numbers to answer a question.

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The writing criterion that assesses how fully and accurately a candidate addresses all parts of the essay prompt.

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Natural, native-like expressions and collocations that elevate speaking and writing scores in the Lexical Resource criterion.

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An essay type common in IELTS Task 2 that discusses both sides of an issue or presents arguments for and against a viewpoint.

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The abstract, analytical follow-up questions in IELTS Speaking Part 3 that test the candidate's ability to discuss broader issues.

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An IELTS scoring category measuring the variety and complexity of sentence structures a candidate can produce accurately.

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The TOEFL writing task requiring candidates to synthesize information from a short reading passage and a lecture audio into a coherent essay.

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A TOEFL speaking task where the candidate expresses a personal opinion on a familiar topic within a strict 45-second time limit.

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The critical skill of capturing key points, definitions, and examples from academic lectures during the TOEFL listening section.

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A reading question type asking why the author includes a specific detail — to illustrate, contrast, emphasize, or refute a point.

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A question requiring the test taker to draw a logical conclusion based on information that is implied but not directly stated in the text.

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A reading question type that asks for the meaning of a word or phrase as it is used in a specific sentence, not its dictionary definition.

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A listening dialogue between a student and a university staff member about academic or administrative issues, common in TOEFL.

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An extended monologue in the TOEFL listening section covering subjects like biology, history, or psychology with dense terminology.

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A pre-structured response framework (e.g., 'In my opinion... First... Second...') used to organize thoughts quickly during TOEFL speaking.

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The ability to combine and compare ideas from multiple sources — a reading passage and a lecture — as required in integrated tasks.

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Recognizing transitional words like 'however,' 'for example,' and 'in conclusion' to follow lecture structure and anticipate question types.

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A speaking task requiring concise restatement of the main points and supporting details from an academic lecture.

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A reading question that asks where a given sentence best fits into a paragraph based on logical flow and reference.

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A speaking scoring criterion measuring how easily a listener can understand the test taker's speech, including stress and intonation.

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The placement of emphasis on specific syllables within a word, which affects intelligibility and is assessed in TOEFL speaking.